Basic Laws Of Electronics

Thanks to the physical laws of electronics, circuit analysis is very procedural. This is the second entry in a tutorial in basic electronics. The first entry covered basic electronic concepts such as voltage, current, and power. This session will cover Ohm’s Law, and Kirchhoff’s Laws of voltage and current. These are the fundamental laws needed for circuit analysis and design.

Resistors and Ohm’s Law
Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist that in 1826 experimentally determined most basic laws that relate to voltage and current for a resistor.

Ohm’s law basically states that the resistance of a component (commonly a resistor) is equal to the voltage dropped over the resistor divided by the current going through it.

This law makes it relatively easy to find one of three values: voltage across a resistance, the resistance value itself, or the current flowing through the resistance (as long as the other two values are known).

Nodes, Branches, and Loops
These three concepts must be understood for basic circuit analysis. They help determine if components are in series or parallel and if the components share the same current or have the same voltage drops.

A branch represents a single circuit component such as a resistor or voltage source.

A node is a point where two or more branches connect.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

Elements are in series if they exclusively share a single node. Elements that are in series share the same current.

Elements are in parallel if they are connected to the same two nodes. Elements in parallel have the same voltage across them.

Kirchhoff’s Laws
The first of Kirchhoff’s Laws is Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL). This law states that the sum of all current entering a node or enclosed area of a circuit is equal to zero. Simply put, current entering a node or area equals the current leaving the node or area.

The second of Kirchhoff’s Laws is Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL). This law states that the sum of all voltages around a closed path or loop is equal to zero. Simply put, the sum of voltage drops equals the sum of voltage rises.

This is found by following the loop in one direction (the direction does not matter). If the positive terminal is hit first, the voltage is added. If the negative terminal is hit first, the voltage is subtracted. Together these values will equal zero.

Once all of the voltages are found, we can start the loop anywhere we want. I find it convenient to start at the negative terminal of a main voltage source. Since we hit a negative terminal first, we subtract it. Now we simply finish the loop and add the voltages together.

This law comes in very handy for analysis.

Basic DC Analysis
By combining Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws, basic DC circuits are relatively easy to analyze. Knowing that all voltages in a loop add up to zero and all currents entering a node, minus currents leaving a node also equals zero, most current and voltage values can be easily obtained.

If a loop contains one voltage source and multiple resistances, voltage division (eq. 1) should be used to find the value of voltage drops across the known resistances. Once the voltage across the known resistance is found, Ohm’s law (eq. 2) can be used to determine the current flowing through the resistance.

Eq.1 Voltage Division:
((voltage source in volts) (resistor of interest in ohms))/(sum of resistance in loop)

Eq.2 Ohm’s Law:
(voltage across a resistance) = (known resistance)(current flowing through resistance)

Keep in mind that resistors in series can be added to give total resistance between two nodes. The total resistance between two nodes that have resistors in parallel is found using eq. 3 below.

Eq. 3 Equivalent Resistance (Req) of Resistors in parallel:
Req = ((resistance in branch 1)(resistance in branch 2)) / (sum of resistances in both branches)

There is much more to be said about DC circuit analysis but most would go beyond the scope of this article. The purpose of this article is to give a basic understanding of the laws and concepts of basic electronics.

Other concepts that make DC circuit analysis easier are current division, mesh analysis, and nodal analysis. These techniques use the rules behind KVL, KCL, and Ohm’s Law but would require a visual example for thorough explanation.

I hope that this short tutorial has been helpful to anyone who is new to the world of electronics either as a hobbyist or as a technician trying to learn electronics repair.

Adoption Network Law Center Consultants & Newborn Adoptions

Many dream of having a child, and those who are unable to have children may opt to adopt one. Finding the right child to raise in your loving home is very important, and professionals like Adoption Network Law Center consultants can help couples find the right child. Consulting services that assist with newborn adoptions can be the first step to realize this goal.

Some families may choose to adopt children that come from troubled homes. While this is a noble act, they must ensure that they have the resources to deal with the issues of emotionally fragile children. Case in point: an article that was featured in The Telegraph shares the story of a mother named Rachel who was having trouble with her adopted son Tom. Tom came from an abusive home.

Prior to the adoption, the caretaker had informed Rachel and her husband of Tom’s emotional issues. At times, things got out of hand, and both Tom and his adoptive parents ended up needing the help of professional counselors. Families in similar situations can also turn to professional counselors to resolve their issues and allow emotional wounds to heal. Although difficult to do, there are ways to handle kids whose early lives were troubled.

Adoption means the child will be entering an entirely new world, away from the environment he has grown accustomed to. This poses some challenges, both for the new parents and the child. If adoptive parents dont think they are equipped to handle these challenges, they can choose to adopt a newborn. Adoption services like Adoption Network Law Center will gladly help them with this.

In this arrangement, the adjustment period will not be as hard on the child, if at all. A birth mother also has the option to meet the adoptive familythis way, she can ensure that her baby will grow up with the same beliefs and values she has if she prefers it that way. Even if she chooses to limit contact, the adoptive parents will still be evaluated via an adoption homestudy process that will be conducted in the state they live in.

Compassionate adoption services assist birth mothers who are dealing with unplanned pregnancies. Apart from exclusively recognizing pre-qualified families for the adoption process, these services can also provide assistance to birth mothers in terms of free housing and limited financial support (as permitted by state law).

Why Police Gloves Are The Right Choice For You Even If You Are Not In Law Enforcement

So you know how police officers are always loaded down with gear, right? You’ve seen them, hauling around tons of gear, worn around a belt or hooked to a vest. But I’ll bet the police gloves they wear are not something you’ve noticed. After all, gloves are commonplace and not particularly interesting, right?

But if that’s your attitude, you’re missing out on one of the best ways you can take advantage of advances in tactical technology for your own, non- law enforcement needs.

Here’s the thing: police gloves are fairly inexpensive relative to other styles of tactical gloves. But they offer a ton of performance and functionality. And odds are, you want what they offer, you just don’t know it yet.

You like the idea of having puncture-resistant glvoes, right? Of course you do. Well, police gloves are primarily intended to give you the benefit of puncture resistance while allowing you to maintain your manual dexterity.

And if knuckle protection is your thing, you can get that easily and effectively in a pair of inexpensive police gloves. When you hop on the motorcycle, you want your knuckles protected from falls and crashes, and hard knuckle gloves are just what the doctor ordered in that scenario.

Why settle for ordinary gloves when you can get protection too? There’s no reason to simply wear a pair of fashionable leather gloves that don’t protect your hands from anything but a cool breeze. With proper police gloves, you get knuckle protection, pierce protection (from sharp objects), and maybe even some impact resistance too, if you opt for a style with padded palms.

Here’s why police officers rarely take off their gloves. They work in an unpredictable environment where they never know what might happen. They often don’t have time to pull on their gloves (or other tactical gear) when it looks like something dangerous is about to happen. They need to be prepared now, whether they know danger is afoot or not.

So law enforcement personnel can’t take a chance by not wearing their gloves. They have to keep the gloves on all the time. Therefore, the gloves have to be comfortable and fit securely. This means a good, secure strap around the wrist, and a tight fit that doesn’t loosen up as soon as you flex your hand.

So take a moment to think about the features found in most good brands of police gloves. I’ll bet you want those features for your everyday wear gloves, whether you’re in law enforcement or not.

Your Subconscious Programming And The Law Of Attraction

If you have been trying to apply the law of attraction to change something in your life, but not getting the results that you want, your subconscious programming has probably been getting in the way.

Your mind is made up of two parts – your conscious mind which is basically everything that you are aware of (what we think of as the reasoning, thinking mind), and your subconscious which is all the mental activity that is below or out of conscious awareness (which includes memories, beliefs, values, emotions, intuition and all the automatic processes in the body that we are not consciously aware of like breathing, digestion, elimination, contracting and relaxing muscles and so on).

When you are born, your subconscious is like an empty sponge ready to fill up with feedback from your environment and the people around you. From birth until around age eight, a childs subconscious takes on the beliefs and values of the important people in their life parents, older siblings, aunts, uncles, teachers, religious leaders and even television characters that they watch a lot all without any filtering or examination for truth or relevance.

At the same time, the child also continuously makes decisions about the world and their place in it based on what is happening around them which then also become beliefs stored in the subconscious. So, for example, if you were born into a loving household where all your needs were instantly met, your subconscious would likely have formed beliefs that I am loveable, the world is safe and supportive, and I am always provided for.

On the other hand, if you were born into a household where your parents were sometimes stressed and arguing, and your needs were sometimes met and sometimes not met, your subconscious would likely have formed beliefs like I am only loved when (conditional love), the world is scary and not supportive, and I am not provided for or I am only provided for when (eg I am good enough, loveable enough, quiet enough, smart enough etc).

All these early decisions and unquestioning acceptance of others beliefs and values then form the subconscious programming that becomes the filters through which the child, and later adult, see and experience the world. So, if you have a subconscious belief that money is hard to come by, that will be your experience of the world. You will not notice opportunities to bring money in more easily, will not be attracted to, or will be suspicious of jobs that are not hard. You would probably not even notice, and therefore walk straight past, a $100 bill lying on the sidewalk all because your subconscious programming has trained you not to see what doesnt fit into your view of the world.

This happens because of the way that the mind is structured. Whenever you are not using your conscious mind to direct your thoughts, learn something new or handle complex tasks; your subconscious mind automatically takes over, like a faithful servant. As soon as the conscious mind masters a task, for example, driving a car, it hands it over to the subconscious mind who will replay the pattern whenever required, in this case, when traffic and road conditions are safe, we will slip into autopilot and maybe even arrive at our destination without being consciously aware of how we got there, or slip back into conscious awareness at some point in the journey and not be entirely sure where we are until we pass the next familiar landmark. We seamlessly slip between the conscious and subconscious minds hundreds of times a day.

This slipping between conscious and subconscious is also why it can be so difficult to follow through with decisions such starting an exercise program or giving up smoking because as soon as your conscious mind stops focusing on the new goal, your subconscious mind will direct your behaviours back to the old established habits.

While the subconscious is excellent at handling all those tasks we no longer need full conscious awareness for, it is also an excellent multi-tasker, replaying all your old programming on an almost constant loop, in the background, including any disempowering beliefs that are no longer relevant or helpful. Scientists estimate that between 94% to 98% of all thoughts, on average, arise from the subconscious mind and, because of the looping effect, upwards of 90% of the thoughts that you think today will be the same as the thoughts that you had yesterday, and the day before, and the day before, which most likely means that the life that you are creating tomorrow will be exactly the same as today.

This is why people become disappointed when they first start using the law of attraction and dont see immediate results. the law of attraction responds to our vibrations 24/7 and our conscious mind, even with the best intent and a superhuman level of focus would maybe influence only up to 10% of your thoughts and, therefore, vibrations. So, if your subconscious programming supports your law of attraction efforts – you will see results – fast! However, if your subconscious programming is disempowering and not in alignment with your desires, your vibrations in relation to that desire will be working against you and your results will be patchy at best and maybe even non-existent in the short term.

So, if youre not getting the results you want with the law of attraction, dont blame yourself its the way youve been designed. But, before you get ready to give up and say its no good, Ill forever be a slave to my subconscious programming, there are ways to change your subconscious beliefs and there are many ways to do it.

I dont believe that there is any one method that suits everyone were all individuals and what suits one may not suit another. Based on my experiences, however, here are the best ways to change your subconscious programming:

-EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique) and its more complicated cousin TFT (Thought Field Therapy)
-NLP (Neuro Linguistic Programming)
-hypnosis
-Kinesiology and other energy therapies
-meditation stops the mental chatter and allows you to access the subconscious mind
-Visualisation repetition of a powerful image will gradually change subconscious beliefs
-Affirmations expressed in such a way that they do not oppose the existing belief so rather than I am slim which the mind knows is not true, try I am in the process of becoming slim which is far easier for the mind to accept
-Challenging beliefs as they arise through psychological techniques like rational emotive therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy

Experiment with what works best for you and, no matter which technique you choose, persistence will be the key to success.

Asbestos, Mesothelioma, The Law, And You

Workers on new construction today have little reason to worry about asbestos. Asbestos-based building materials were phased out several years ago and are no longer commercially available to contractors and the general public.

But only a few decades ago, asbestos was well regarded in the construction industry because of its outstanding fire retardant qualities and its properties as an insulator of both temperature and electrical current. Moreover, it is derived from abundant, inexpensive minerals such as chrysotile and is easy to produce. Thus, hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions of buildings still standing today, asbestos can be found in tiles, in insulation, and in flooring and ceiling materials.

What’s the problem with asbestos? Quite simply, asbestos consists of exceedingly fine fibers that easily become airborne, especially when asbestos-containing materials are cut or broken. Once they are inhaled, they settle in the lungs, where they will remain for the person’s life, since the human body has no means of eliminating asbestos. And unfortunately, asbestos is a carcinogen. In layman’s terms, this means it causes cancer.

Brief exposure to asbestos normally does not cause cancer, but prolonged exposure, especially to high concentrations, increases cancer risk dramatically over time. Thus, a person who as handled asbestos is unlikely to develop skin cancer on the hands, but someone who has inhaled the fibers is at risk for lung cancer. Smoking increases the lung cancer risk significantly.

Often, asbestos fibers will work their way through lung tissue and into the chest cavity, where it can become lodged in the protective linings there known as the mesothelium. The resulting cancer is known as mesothelioma.

If you have been exposed to asbestos and have suffered health problems, you can sue the persons/companies responsible. The likelihood of winning your case, like any other lawsuit, depends on many factors. In general, however, it will be crucial for you to be able to prove that your health issues resulted directly from the asbestos exposure. Thus, a person who has been smoking three packs of cigarettes per day, was briefly exposed to asbestos, and developed lung cancer will usually have a harder time of it than a nonsmoker who was exposed to asbestos for decades and developed mesothelioma. After all, lung cancer is fairly common among heavy smokers, whereas mesothelioma is a rather rare cancer in people who were not exposed to asbestos.

If you think that you experienced significant exposure to asbestos; and if you have contracted a related disease such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, or asbestosis (a scarring of lung tissue caused by the body’s reaction to asbestos, which in time can seriously impair the functioning of the lungs), you may wish to sue the persons or companies responsible for your exposure, even if it took place many years ago.

But be forewarned: because of the significant financial risk to the defendant in such cases, it’s highly unlikely that the person(s) or corporation(s) you are suing will spare no expense in hiring a competent defense attorney. While you can theoretically file a mesothelioma lawsuit yourself without a lawyer, this is probably not a good idea, since an “amateur” is no match for the legal “big guns.”

Therefore, if you’re contemplating such a lawsuit, you would be wise to consult a competent attorney who preferably has extensive experience with asbestos lawsuits. Such an attorney will be able to advise you as to the merits of your case. If he or she believes that your case has a good chance of succeeding, you may be able to sue on a contingency basis. This means that the attorney will not bill you by the hour “up front,” but rather will share in the proceeds if you win. This eliminates your risk of paying big legal bills for an unsuccessful suit, but promises a much bigger payout to your lawyer if you prevail, which also creates an incentive for your lawyer to fight for as big a settlement as possible. If you don’t have a lawyer, you can consult your local bar association, and they will refer one to you.